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manual chimie clasa 11 crepuscul pdf 53 This handbook is a revised and updated edition of a manual first published by the Department of Chemistry in 1964, written to be used as a laboratory guide for high school chemistry. Intended primarily for use by chemistry-enrolled secondary school students, it provides guidance on obtaining experimental results and formulating conclusions from those data. The manual also includes sections on safety practices and techniques for accurate measurement. The sections have been reorganized, new sections have been added, and those sections that have been removed have been replaced with links to outside sources which provide information about directions for safe handling of chemicals or other relevant topics. The techniques for effective data collection and reporting of results presented in this manual are valuable not only for acquiring the knowledge and skills needed to interpret the scientific literature, but also for acquiring an understanding of scientific principles. A modern scientific education requires that students be exposed to research from beginning to end, from the generation of hypotheses and experimental design to data analysis and presentation. In practice, most science courses in high school do not provide this integrated approach. In the science classroom, students are taught how to generate hypotheses based on their background knowledge, use textbooks or online sources to discover information about a particular topic, carry out experiments, evaluate their results with respect to what they have read or been told about a topic, and present their findings in a coherent fashion. The manual was developed through a planning process involving Writing Teams, Subject Matter Experts (SME’s), and P-12 teachers. The Planning Team developed the framework for, and organized the activities of, the project. The Writing Team developed the outline for each section of the manual and drafted each section under the supervision of an SME. Each section was reviewed by other members of the Writing Team, SME’s, P-12 teachers, and students. Throughout this process representatives from various ethnic backgrounds were included to ensure that information included in this publication is valid to all students. The results of each review were incorporated into successive drafts until all reviewers were satisfied with changes made to each section. This manual is designed for students enrolled in chemistry classes at the secondary and post-secondary level and is also useful for students enrolled in mathematics and science courses. It is not a full-scale laboratory manual, but rather a guide to help students understand the process of scientific investigation when they conduct investigations of their own. Thus, when the need arises to carry out experiments which require more than just simple observation or collection of data, such experiments would be described in more detail than they are in this manual. Thus this publication should be used by educators with some knowledge about chemistry and biology to supplement laboratory instruction. It is designed to be used by students (ages 8 through 18) or adults, but it could also be used with younger children (ages 5 and under). The manual helps students get started by describing the principles of scientific inquiry and providing instructions for conducting investigations. It then provides instructions on collecting data, organizing the data into appropriate patterns, making predictions from the data and interpreting and communicating results. The ABCDE classification and categories of chemicals should not replace chemical safety information provided by the Chemical Safety Board (CSB) or other sources, such as MSDS sheets. The activities described in this manual should not give people permission to handle hazardous materials in ways prohibited by law. cfa1e77820
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